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This program announcement (PA) solicits Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) grant applications that propose research and development of probes useful in imaging the structure and function of the brain and other parts of the nervous system, with award duration and amounts greater than those routinely allowed under the SBIR/STTR programs. Specifically this PA solicits SBIR/STTR applications that propose research and development of probes that generate signals detectable by one or more imaging modality. Such probes should indicate the structure or function of molecules or subcellular elements of neurons or other cells of the nervous system. Of special interest are applications that propose research and development of novel probes, although significant enhancements of already existing probes are also solicited. Grant applications may propose projects that will result in probes solely intended for use in research or probes that might have clinical utility. It is expected that this initiative will require expertise from a variety of disciplines, including neuroscience, biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, biotechnology, and bioengineering. Moreover, it is anticipated that these types of expertise will be brought together in various combinations in individual proposed projects.

- The National Institutes of Health (NIH) will award Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NRSA) Short-Term Institutional Research Training Grants (T35) to eligible institutions to develop or enhance research training opportunities for individuals interested in careers in biomedical and behavioral research. Many of the NIH Institutes and Centers use this grant mechanism exclusively to support intensive, short-term research training experiences for students in health professional schools during the summer. In addition, the Short-Term Institutional Research Training Grant may be used to support other types of predoctoral and postdoctoral training in focused, often emerging, scientific areas relevant to the mission of the funding NIH institute or center. - The proposed training must be in either basic, behavioral, or clinical research aspects of the health-related sciences. This program is intended to encourage students to pursue research careers by exposure to and short-term involvement in the health- related sciences. The training should be of sufficient depth to enable the trainees, upon completion of the program, to have a thorough exposure to the principles underlying the conduct of research. - The number of applications funded will vary and depend upon the number of meritorious applications determined by the official review process. Although NRSA short-term institutional training grants are an NIH-wide grant mechanism, not all NIH institutes and centers support short-term training. Therefore, all applicants are strongly encouraged to contact the institute's representative (listed below in Section VII) before preparing an application. Such contact will help ensure that the applicant will obtain information about the NIH institute's interest and supplemental instructions concerning NRSA short-term institutional training grants. - Awards for T35 institutional training grants may be for project periods up to five years in duration. Trainees selected for short-term training are required to pursue research training for 2-3 months on a full-time basis, devoting at least 40 hours per week to the program. More information may be found in Section III, 3. - Only domestic, non-profit, private or public institutions which have a high- quality research program in the area proposed, as well as sufficient staff and facilities may apply for this research training program. - Eligible Program Directors are basic and clinical researchers with skills, knowledge, successful past training records, and available resources to conduct the proposed research training program. - Only one application per application receipt date is appropriate. - Application forms (PHS 398) and NRSA instructions are available at: http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/phs398/phs398.html in an interactive format. For further assistance contact Grants Info, Telephone (301) 435-0714, Email: GrantsInfo@nih.gov - Telecommunications for the hearing impaired: TTY (301) 451-0088

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) have entered into a public-private partnership with the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Health Research Board, Ireland (HRB), Cure Autism Now (CAN), the National Alliance for Autism Research (NAAR), Autism Speaks and the FRAXA Research Foundation (FRAXA) to jointly sponsor this Program Announcement (PA), which is aimed at characterizing, understanding and treating etiological and pathophysiological mechanisms common to both Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and autism (including autism spectrum disorders such as Rett syndrome). Between 2.5 percent and 6 percent of individuals with autistic feature have FXS, and approximately 15 percent to 25 percent of children with FXS have autism. An additional 50 percent to 90 percent of children with FXS exhibit some symptoms and features associated with autism, including poor eye contact, hand flapping, hand biting, speech perseveration and other language abnormalities and problems, as well as tactile defensiveness, mental retardation in the moderate to severe range, developmental delay, sensory hyperarousal, and social anxiety with mood liability. Researchers have argued that autism and autistic symptoms in FXS reflect a common etiological or pathophysiological pathway underlying the two conditions. Ongoing basic neuroscience research on FXS in model systems like the mouse and fly are providing a wealth of information at multiple levels – subcellular, cellular, and intercellular networks or circuits – to delineate the neurobiology of this disorder. These studies should dissect components of the neurobiology of autism, especially in patients with both FXS and autism, and identify novel targets for new drugs to treat both disorders. Applications submitted in response to this PA should focus on a topic related to understanding neural pathways, circuits, systems and molecules that play a role in the etiology or pathophysiology of FXS and may be implicated in autism (including autism spectrum disorders such as Rett syndrome). Studies emphasizing the identification of drug targets for new therapeutic drugs to treat FXS and autism are particularly encouraged. Research projects supported under this PA that include human subjects should include children affected with both FXS and autism and animal studies may include several models systems, e.g., mouse, fly and zebrafish. Basic neuroscience research in model systems should focus on both FXS and autism. Research more exclusively focused on autism that would not be covered under this PA may be submitted under PA-04-085 (see http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-04-085.html).

- This Program Announcement (PA) solicits applications for collaborative research projects, involving investigators in developed and developing countries, focusing on brain disorders throughout life relevant to developing nations. The collaborative research programs are expected to contribute to the long-term goal of building sustainable research capacity in developing countries to address neurological/ neurodevelopmental (including sensory, motor, cognitive and behavioral) function and impairment throughout life. - R21 planning grants will be accepted from all eligible applicants (please refer to Section III “Eligibility Information”). - R01 grant applications under this PA may ONLY be submitted by “Brain Disorders in the Developing World” R21 planning grant awardees from either this program announcement or from RFA-TW-03-007, “Brain Disorders in the Developing World: Research Across the Life-Span”, which was released November 7, 2002 for competition in 2003 (http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-TW-03-007.htm). - New applicants to the “Brain Disorders in the Developing World: Research Across the Lifespan” initiative (including those who applied under RFA TW-03- 007 or the current PA but were unsuccessful) may submit applications for two-year planning/development grants using the R21 grant mechanism. The R21 grant provides support to initiate and carry out preliminary studies and training, and to organize, plan, prepare, and assemble an application for a more comprehensive R01 grant. - The R01 application must build on, and further develop, the pilot research, resources and collaborations developed in the R21 and must be relevant to the interests, stated in this PA, of one of the participating organizations or NIH ICs, other than FIC. - Budget: R21 applicants may request up to $100,000 per year, direct costs, for up to 2 years. R01 applicants may request support for up to five years. Direct costs do not include any consortium/contractual Facilities and Administrative costs. Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism, numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. - Eligible organizations include: for-profit and non-profit organizations; public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals (including Veterans' Administration Hospitals), and laboratories; units of state and local governments; domestic or foreign institutions/organizations; and faith-based or community-based organizations. (See the “Eligible Institutions” section for exceptions). - Applications (both R21 and R01) must be submitted as collaborations between developed and developing country investigators/ institutions. For operational and analytic purposes, the World Bank's main criterion for classifying economies, gross national income (GNI), will be employed for this PA to determine country eligibility. (See Section III, “Eligibility Information”, for definitions and further requirements). - Only one application may be submitted by the same Principal Investigator or involve the same Co-Investigator per submission date. - See Section IV.1 for application materials. - Please use the PHS 398 to apply. The PHS 398 is available at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/phs398/phs398.html in an interactive format. - Telecommunications for the hearing impaired is available at: TTY 301-451-0088.

- The goal of this Request for Applications (RFA) is to solicit applications to elucidate the cell biology of proteins that have been implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) through genetic findings. Studies to identify genes in PD are rapidly outpacing the cell biological studies which would reveal how these gene products are part of the disease process in Parkinson's disease. This RFA is intended to stimulate studies devoted to understanding the functional role of these proteins in cells, or how these proteins may interact or share common pivotal molecular pathways. Dissemination of these cellular pathways may reveal points at which potential interventions for Parkinson's disease could be directed. It is intended that exploratory, high-impact, focused studies supported through this RFA will generate the basis for translationally-directed research projects on PD. - The participating organizations intend to commit $1.1M in FY 2006. - The anticipated number of awards is 5. The expected duration of these projects is 2 years. - This RFA will use the NIH Exploratory/developmental Research Grant (R21) mechanism (see http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-03-107.htmland http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/r21guidelines.htm). - Eligible organizations include: For-profit or non-profit organizations; Public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories; Units of State and local governments; Eligible agencies of the Federal government; and Domestic or foreign institutions/organizations. - Eligible principal investigators include any individual with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH programs. - Applicants may submit more than one application, provided they are scientifically distinct. - See Section IV.1 for application materials. - Telecommunications for the hearing impaired is available at: TTY 301-451-0088

- The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) encourages submission of investigator-initiated research grant applications to study mechanisms of transmission and dissemination of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs). - Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. - The types of mechanisms to be used are Research Project (R01), Small Grant (R03), and Exploratory/Developmental Grant (R21). - Eligible organizations include: for-profit or non-profit organizations; public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories; units of State and local governments; eligible agencies of the Federal government; and domestic or foreign institutions/organizations. - Eligible principal investigators include any individual with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH programs. - Applicants may submit more than one application, provided they are scientifically distinct. - See Section IV.1 for application materials. - Telecommunications for the hearing impaired is available at: TTY 301-451-0088

- The goal of this program announcement is to stimulate basic, translational and clinical research in the field of epilepsy by promoting collaborations among junior investigators. - This program announcement invites both research project grants (R01) and exploratory/developmental research grant applications (R21). - Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. - Eligible organizations include: For-profit organizations; Non-profit organizations; Public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories; Eligible agencies of the Federal government; Units of State government; Units of local government ; Foreign Institutions; Domestic Institutions; and Faith-based or community-based organizations. - Eligible principal investigators include: Postdoctoral trained individuals with institutional appointments through Assistant Professor, or equivalent, position. Any individual with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research is invited to work with their institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH programs. - Applicants may submit more than one application, provided they are scientifically distinct. - See Section IV.1 for application materials. - Telecommunications for the hearing impaired is available at: TTY 301-451-0088

- The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Eye Institute (NEI), the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) invite applications for studies on the cellular and molecular signaling between the local environment within organisms and stem and progenitor cells that are either introduced as transplants or are normally resident within host tissues and organs. The objective of this initiative is to promote a thorough exploration and characterization of the bi-directional communication between multipotent cells and the three-dimensional local milieu or niche that they encounter in vivo under normal and compromised states, such as with aging or following injury, disease or drug exposure. - The participating organizations intend to commit a total of $2,700,000 to this PAS. - Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. - This funding opportunity will use the NIH Small Research Grant (R03), the NIH Exploratory/Developmental Grant (R21) and the Research Project Grant (R01) award mechanism(s). - Eligible organizations include for-profit or non-profit organizations, public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories, units of State government, units of local government, eligible agencies of the Federal government, foreign Institutions, domestic Institutions, and faith-based or community-based organizations. - Any individual with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research is invited to work with their institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH programs. - Applicants may submit more than one application, provided they are scientifically distinct. - See Section IV.1 for application materials. - Telecommunications for the hearing impaired is available at: TTY 301-451-0088

- The goal of this program announcement is to encourage research that will improve the quality and scientific power of data collected in the behavioral and social sciences, relevant to the missions of the participating NIH Institutes and Centers. - The participating Institutes and Centers invite qualified researchers to submit research grant applications aimed at improving and developing methodology and measurement in the behavioral and social sciences through innovations in research design, data collection techniques, measurement, and data analysis techniques. - Research that addresses methodology and measurement issues in diverse populations, issues in studying sensitive behaviors, issues of ethics in research, issues related to confidential data and the protection of research subjects, and issues in developing interdisciplinary, multimethod, and multilevel approaches to behavioral and social science research is particularly encouraged, as are approaches that integrate behavioral and social science research with biological, physical, or computational science research or engineering. - This program announcement is a re-issuance and revision of PA-02-072. - The total amount to be awarded depends on the scientific merit of applications and the funds available in the general funding pool of the participating NIH Institutes and Centers. - This initiative will use the R01, R03 and R21 mechanisms and competitive supplements to funded R01, R37, U01 and P01 projects. - Eligible organizations include for-profit and not-for-profit, public or private organizations, units of state and local governments, eligible agencies of the Federal Government, domestic or foreign institutions/organizations, faith-based or community-based organizations, and Native American tribal organizations. - Eligible Principal Investigators include any individuals with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research. - There is no limit on the number of scientifically different applications that may be submitted. - The PHS 398 application form and instructions are available at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/phs398/phs398.html in an interactive format. For further assistance contact GrantsInfo, Telephone 301-435-0714, E-mail: GrantsInfo@nih.gov. Telecommunications for the hearing impaired is available at: TTY 301-451-0088

- The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), and the Tuberous Sclerosis Alliance invite research grant applications aimed at understanding or treating Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). - The participating organizations intend to commit a total of approximately $2,000,000 to this PAS in addition to funds available for applications sent in response to this initiative that score within the paylines of the participating NIH Institutes.. - Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. - This PAS will use the NIH R01, R21 and R03 mechanisms. - Eligible organizations include: for-profit or non-profit organizations; public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories; units of State and local governments; eligible agencies of the Federal government; and domestic or foreign institutions/organizations ; faith-based or community-based organizations. - Eligible principal investigators include any individual with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH programs. - There is no limit to the number of scientifically different applications each applicant may submit. - The PHS 398 application materials are available at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/phs398/phs398.html. - Telecommunications for the hearing impaired is available at: TTY 301-451-0088.