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-Purpose. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) issued by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) invites eligible United States small business concerns (SBCs) to submit Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) grant applications. United States SBCs that have the research capabilities and technological expertise to contribute to the R&D mission(s) of the NIH awarding components identified in this FOA are encouraged to submit STTR grant applications in response to identified topics (see PHS 2007-2 SBIR/STTR Program Descriptions and Research Topics for NIH, CDC, and FDA.) -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the STTR (R41/R42) grant mechanisms for Phase I, Phase II, Fast-Track, and Phase II Competing Renewal and runs in parallel with a FOA of identical scientific scope, PA-07-280, that solicits applications under the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) (R43/R44) grant mechanisms. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. This FOA will use funds appropriated for fiscal years (FY) 2007 and 2008, the amounts for which are yet to be determined. However, the amount set-aside by NIH for FY 2006 STTR awards was $69 million.

-Purpose. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) issued by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) invites eligible United States small business concerns (SBCs) to submit Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant applications. United States SBCs that have the research capabilities and technological expertise to contribute to the R&D mission(s) of the NIH, CDC and FDA awarding components identified in this FOA are encouraged to submit SBIR grant applications in response to identified topics (see PHS 2007-2 SBIR/STTR Program Descriptions and Research Topics for NIH, CDC, and FDA.) -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the SBIR (R43/R44) grant mechanisms for Phase I, Phase II, Fast-Track, and Phase II Competing Renewal applications and runs in parallel with an FOA of identical scientific scope, PA-07-281, that solicits applications under the Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) (R41/R42) grant mechanisms. SBIR Fast-Track and Phase II Competing Renewal grant applications are accepted by the NIH only. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. This FOA will use funds appropriated for fiscal years (FY) 2007 and 2008, the amounts for which are yet to be determined. (The amounts set-aside by NIH, CDC, and FDA for FY 2006 SBIR awards were: NIH: $571 million; CDC: $8.1 million; and FDA: $533,000.)

The primary, long-term goal of the Pathway to Independence (PI) Award program is to increase and maintain a strong cohort of new and talented NIH-supported independent investigators.The PI award program is designed to facilitate a timely transition from a mentored postdoctoral research position to a stable independent research position with independent NIH or other independent research support at an earlier stage than is currently the norm.

-Purpose. The purpose of the PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS LEADING TO OPTIMAL TRIALS IN NEUROLOGY grant (for brevity referred to as NINDS Preliminary Clinical Trials grant) is to obtain preliminary data and conduct studies to support the rationale for a subsequent definitive clinical trial of an intervention to treat or prevent neurological disease. -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the NIH Research Project Grant (R01) award mechanism. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications.Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received.

Purpose. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) have entered into a public-private partnership with the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Health Research Board, Ireland (HRB), Cure Autism Now (CAN), the National Alliance for Autism Research (NAAR), Autism Speaks and the FRAXA Research Foundation (FRAXA) to jointly sponsor this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA), which is aimed at characterizing, understanding and treating etiological and pathophysiological mechanisms common to both Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and autism (including autism spectrum disorders such as Rett syndrome). Between 2.5% and 6% of individuals with autistic feature have FXS, and approximately 15% to 25% of children with FXS have autism. An additional 50% to 90% of children with FXS exhibit some symptoms and features associated with autism, including poor eye contact, hand flapping, hand biting, speech perseveration and other language abnormalities and problems, as well as tactile defensiveness, mental retardation in the moderate to severe range, developmental delay, sensory hyperarousal, and social anxiety with mood liability. Researchers have argued that autism and autistic symptoms in FXS reflect a common etiological or pathophysiological pathway underlying the two conditions. Ongoing basic neuroscience research on FXS in model systems like the mouse and fly are providing a wealth of information at multiple levels – subcellular, cellular, and intercellular networks or circuits – to delineate the neurobiology of this disorder. These studies should dissect components of the neurobiology of autism, especially in patients with both FXS and autism, and identify novel targets for new drugs to treat both disorders. Applications submitted in response to this FOA should focus on a topic related to understanding neural pathways, circuits, systems and molecules that play a role in the etiology or pathophysiology of FXS and may be implicated in autism (including autism spectrum disorders such as Rett syndrome). Studies emphasizing the identification of drug targets for new therapeutic drugs to treat FXS and autism are particularly encouraged. Research projects supported under this FOA that include human subjects should include children affected with both FXS and autism and animal studies may include several models systems, e.g., mouse, fly and zebrafish. Basic neuroscience research in model systems should focus on both FXS and autism. Research more exclusively focused on autism that would not be covered under this FOA may be submitted under PA-06-390, PA-06-391, or PA-06-392.

-Purpose. Participating Institutes and Centers of the NIH invite applications for R01 awards to support Bioengineering Research Grants (BRGs) for basic and applied multi-disciplinary research that addresses important biological, bioengineering or medical research problems. The BRGs support multi-disciplinary research performed in a single laboratory or by a small number of investigators that applies an integrative, systems approach to develop knowledge and/or methods to prevent, detect, diagnose, or treat disease or to understand health and behavior. A BRG application may propose hypothesis-driven, discovery-driven, developmental, or design-directed research. -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the NIH Research Project Grant (R01) award mechanism and runs in parallel with an FOA of similar scientific scope, PA-06-418 (EBRG) that solicits applications under the R21 mechanism. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the quality, duration, and costs of the applications received.

-The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA), "Mechanisms, Models, Measurement, and Management in Pain Research," issued by the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) is to inform the scientific community of the pain research interests of the various Institutes and Centers (ICs) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and to stimulate and foster a wide range of basic, clinical, and translational studies on pain as they relate to the missions of these ICs. -New advances are needed in every area of pain research, from the micro perspective of molecular sciences to the macro perspective of behavioral and social sciences. Although great strides have been made in some areas, such as the identification of neural pathways of pain, the experience of pain and the challenge of treatment have remained uniquely individual and unsolved. Research to address these issues conducted by interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research teams is strongly encouraged, as is research from underrepresented, minority, disabled, or women investigators. -Mechanism of Support. This FOA will utilize the NIH Research Project Grant (R01) award mechanism and runs in parallel with FOAs of identical scientific scope, PA-06-543, that solicits applications under the R03 mechanism and PA-06-542, that solicits applications under the R21 mechanism.

-Purpose: Research Project applications must include hypotheses and preliminary data for proposed empirical research. Applicants are strongly encouraged to take into consideration issues that have relevance to specific missions of the NIH participating components. -Mechanism of Support: This FOA will use the Research Project R01 grant mechanism and runs in parallel with FOAs of identical scientific scope for Small Research Grants R03 (PA-06-367) and Exploratory/Developmental Grants R21 (PA-06-368) mechanisms to align proposed studies with i) investigator experience and ii) the state of knowledge in fields of interest. -Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards: Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications.

-This funding opportunity (FOA) is aimed at enhancing nanoscience and nanotechnology research focused on problems in biology and medicine. Nanoscience and nanotechnology refer to research and development on the understanding and control of matter at a length scale of approximately 1 - 100 nanometers, where novel properties and functions occur because of the size.  -A major challenge facing medicine is to develop novel and more sophisticated approaches for the diagnosis, treatment and management of an array of diseases and traumatic injuries. Nanotechnology and nanoscience have the capacity to drive a new wave of medical innovation through the engineering of bioactive nanoscale structures, processes and systems based on the advancement of our understanding of biology at the nanoscale.

Purpose. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHBLI), National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), in conjunction with the Ataxia-Telangiectasia Children’s Project (A-TCP) and the A-T Ease Foundation, invite research grant applications aimed at understanding or treating Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T). The aim of this FOA is to encourage basic, translational and clinical studies to determine how the symptoms of A-T develop, to stimulate the development of resources to further A-T research, to accelerate research into promising therapeutic approaches for A-T and to stimulate progress in A-T research through encouraging and facilitating interdisciplinary interactions. Mechanism of Support. This funding opportunity will utilize the NIH R01 mechanism, and runs in parallel with two other FOAs of identical scientific scope (R21, PA-07-273 and R03, PA-07-274) that solicit applications under the NIH Exploratory/Developmental grant mechanism (R21), and the NIH Small Research Grant (R03) mechanism, respectively. Funds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications. Eligible Institutions/Organizations. Public/State Controlled Institution of Higher Education; Private Institution of Higher Education; Nonprofit with 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Nonprofit without 501(c)(3) IRS Status (Other than Institution of Higher Education); Small Business; For-Profit Organization (Other than Small Business); State Government; U.S. Territory or Possession; Indian/Native American Tribal Government (Federally Recognized); Indian/Native American Tribal Government (Other than Federally Recognized); Indian/Native American Tribally Designated Organization; Non-domestic (non-U.S.) Entity (Foreign Organization); Hispanic-serving Institution; Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs); Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities (TCCUs); Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian Serving Institutions; Regional Organization; Other(s): Eligible agencies of the Federal government; Faith-based or community based organizations.