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The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institute on Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute on Aging (NIA), and National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) invite grant applications for Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) projects on research and development of probes useful in imaging the structure and function of the brain and other parts of the nervous system, with award duration and amounts greater than those routinely allowed under the SBIR program. Encouraged are applications from teams of investigators from commercial, academic and other sectors of the research community. Non- commercial partners, including those at colleges and universities, may play important roles in SBIR-supported research, and may receive substantial support for their efforts.

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) invite applications for studies on the plasticity and behavior of human stem cells, and regulation of their replication, differentiation and function in the nervous system. Because of their ability to generate neurons and glia, stem cells are promising candidates for the development of cellular and genetic therapies for neurological disorders, including congenital, neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as neuroregulatory problems in heart, lung, and blood diseases, and sleep disorders. Animal studies demonstrate that stem or progenitor cells can be derived from a variety of tissues and from hosts of different ages, however, the requirements and potential for differentiation of each cell type appears to be unique. In a recently-issued Program Announcement (PA-01-078)), NINDS and other institutes at NIH invited studies to investigate the influence of extrinsic signals in the nervous system on the biology of non-human stem cells. Development of treatments for human conditions ultimately will require understanding the biology of human stem cells. To achieve this goal, NINDS, NIA, NIMH and NHLBI encourage applications to study the fundamental properties of all classes of human stem cells, and to confirm, extend, and compare the behavior of human stem cells that are derived from different sources and ages or exposed to different regimes in vitro and in vivo. Of high priority are studies to develop methods for identifying, isolating and characterizing specific human precursor populations at intermediate stages of differentiation into neurons and glia. Because our current understanding of stem cell biology comes mainly from studies conducted on murine stem cells, a comparison between human and non-human cells will be crucial for translating the results of animal studies to clinical trials. This Program Announcement (PA) invites applications for support of research that characterizes cellular, molecular and genetic mechanisms that allow human stem and precursor cells to express plasticity and lineage choices. Projects that address comparisons between different classes of human stem cells, and between human and non-human stem cells would also be directly relevant to this PA.

The International Clinical, Operational, and Health Services Research Training Award for AIDS and Tuberculosis (ICOHRTA-AIDS/TB) Program provides extended support for training to foster collaborative, multidisciplinary research in developing country sites where AIDS, TB or both are significant problems. As used in this Program Announcement (PA), the term ICOHRTA-AIDS/TB should be interpreted as building capacity for integrated clinical, operational, and health services research encompassing the full range of conditions and issues (e.g., opportunistic infections, HIV malignancies, neurological and mental health consequences, behavioral issues, hematologic conditions, blood safety issues, pulmonary manifestations, ophthalmologic manifestations, gastrointestinal conditions, drug and alcohol usage, gender-related issues and oral health manifestations) that relate to care of adult and pediatric patients with HIV/AIDS or TB. This program is an integral and critical component of a comprehensive global strategy of the NIH and Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) to address the needs of the millions suffering from HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and related conditions in resource- limited nations by extending and intensifying efforts to provide clinically appropriate and sustainable care to these individuals in a manner that supports continuing and expanding prevention activities. These efforts will have direct health, economic and security benefits for the United States as well as the global community. This program will increase research training across the span of clinical science and public health practice and involve a wide range of health professionals (e.g. nurses, midwives, physicians, dentists, health care administrators and public health workers).

The Fogarty International Center, in partnership with the National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Human Genome Research Institute and National Institute on Drug Abuse, invites applications from nonprofit, private or public, domestic or international educational and research institutions in developed countries to establish research-training programs that contribute to the capacity of developing country investigators and institutions to conduct human genetics research relevant to the health needs of the country. Applications are solicited to create innovative research training programs within existing scientific collaborations between developed and developing country researchers to begin to build a critical mass of scientists, health professionals and academics with human genetics expertise and a sustainable research environment at the collaborating developing country institution.

The goal of this initiative is to stimulate crossing cutting, integrative research aimed at delineating the underlying mechanisms by which a placebo leads to its ultimate physiological and psychological effects. In the context of this initiative, integrative research is defined as the combined use of approaches from several different scientific disciplines such as sociology, psychology, cell biology, physiology, genetics, and/or molecular biology to probe neurological, endocrinological, immunological and other relevant systems in order to define the mechanisms underlying placebo effects.

The National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) are continuing joint sponsorship of a predoctoral research training program in the neurosciences. The aim of the program is to encourage and support broad, early-stage (pre-thesis) training in the neurosciences by offering institutions a single comprehensive training grant. It is expected that these training programs will contribute to basic and disease-related neuroscience research that is relevant to the participating NIH Institutes.

Participating Institutes and Centers (ICs) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) invite applications for R01 awards to support Bioengineering Research Partnerships (BRPs) for basic and applied multi-disciplinary research that addresses important biological or medical research problems. A BRP is a multi- disciplinary research team applying an integrative, systems approach to develop knowledge and/or methods to prevent, detect, diagnose, or treat disease or to understand health and behavior. The partnership must include appropriate bioengineering or allied quantitative sciences in combination with biomedical and/or clinical investigators. A BRP may propose hypothesis-driven, discovery- driven, developmental, or design-directed research at universities, national laboratories, medical schools, large or small businesses, or other public and private entities or combinations of these entities.

Participating Institutes and Centers (ICs) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) invite applications for R01 awards to support Bioengineering Research Grants (BRGs) for basic and applied multi-disciplinary research that addresses important biological or medical research problems. The BRGs support multi- disciplinary research performed in a single laboratory or by a small number of investigators that applies an integrative, systems approach to develop knowledge and/or methods to prevent, detect, diagnose, or treat disease or to understand health and behavior. A BRG application may propose hypothesis-driven, discovery-driven, developmental, or design-directed research at universities, national laboratories, medical schools, large or small businesses, or other public and private entities.

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) invites grant applications for the formation of cross-disciplinary networks of scientists interested in studying the neural mechanisms of cognition and other complex behaviors. These research networks will allow the formation of novel collaborations among cognitive scientists, neuroscientists, behavioral and computational neuroscientists, imaging specialists and clinical scientists in order to develop integrative and cutting edge research programs that advance our understanding of the circuits and pathways of cognitive function. The research plan for these networks must be driven by a cognitive neuroscience question (e.g., neural mechanisms of attention, emotion, language acquisition, memory, perception, sensorimotor integration in various model systems and in various clinical populations) and must combine imaging techniques with other psychophysiological methods. This RFA is intended to begin a process where scientists from various disciplines can overcome barriers to cross-disciplinary research agendas addressing the dynamic nature of underlying physiological and cognitive systems.

This RFA supports novel basic research designed to elucidate effects of whole-body ischemia and subsequent blood flow restoration on cardiovascular and neurological function. The ultimate goal is to provide a rational basis for development of effective new therapeutic strategies to restore heart function and preserve neurological function after cardiopulmonary arrest.