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The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) seek research grant applications that will improve the quality of life for people living with mobility limiting disorders. Persons with limited mobility may also experience secondary conditions that further limit mobility. These secondary symptoms or sequelae include pain, fatigue, spasticity, weakness and depression. This Program Announcement will focus on improving the quality of life in persons with limited mobility by managing the physical symptoms and psychosocial consequences that occur as a result of the primary or secondary condition.

This announcement updates the 1998 Program Announcement PA-98-078, Genetic Architecture of Complex Phenotypes. The program announcement is to solicit applications for new studies on genetic variation and the architecture of complex phenotypes. It restates the interest of several components of the National Institutes of Health in studies of the underlying causes and architecture of complex phenotypes, including human diseases. It is motivated by the amount and complexity of biological data that are being generated and by the understanding that complex phenotypes involve many genetic components that evolve in a variety of environments.

The purpose of this PA is to encourage researchers to solve the structures of membrane proteins at atomic resolution and to develop the tools needed to solve these structures. Considerable research on the structure and function of membrane proteins is under way. Yet, relatively few investigators use x-ray crystallography, electron diffraction, or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the structures of these proteins directly. During the past decade, investigators have determined the structures of approximately 30 membrane proteins. The solution of each structure has been a major contribution to a particular area of science (see http://blanco.biomol.uci.edu/Membrane_Proteins_xtal.html). This progress clearly demonstrates that determining the structures of membrane proteins is feasible. However, the rate of solving soluble protein structures also has accelerated greatly during the past decade. Thus, a gap remains between understanding membrane proteins and understanding their soluble protein counterparts.

The Office of Research Integrity (ORI, DHHS), the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS, NIH), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA, NIH), and the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR, NIH) invite applications to support research on research integrity. "Integrity" in this context is understood as "adherence to rules, regulations, guidelines, and commonly accepted professional codes or norms."

Under this PA, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) invites research grant applications (R01) that address the underlying neurobiological mechanisms associated with the cognitive and linguistic sequelae of Parkinson"s disease. A major goal of this PA is to begin a process where basic and clinical scientists from various disciplines can overcome barriers to cross-disciplinary research and examine all aspects of cognition in the context of the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson"s disease. The purpose of this initiative is to: 1) focus the attention of neuroscientists on the detrimental neurodegenerative processes that affect cognition and language in Parkinson"s disease, 2) promote the interaction of cognitive neuroscientists and clinical scientists conducting research in Parkinson"s disease patients, and 3) develop integrative research programs that advance our understanding of the substrates of cognitive function in health and in Parkinson"s disease. Applications that demonstrate the establishment of collaborative research programs with researchers at existing Centers of Excellence for Parkinson"s disease research are particularly encouraged.

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is committed to maintaining a diverse scientific and technology workforce as part of the NIH Action Plan for Addressing Health Disparities. The purpose of the Career Development Award For Minority Scholars In Neuroscience (referred to in the remaining text as the Neuroscience Scholars Award) is to support an intensive, supervised career development and scientific mentoring experience for promising minority investigators to obtain research independence during the performance period of the award. The proposed career development experience is expected to substantially contribute to the research capabilities of the applicant, and research should be in an area of interest to the NINDS. It is envisioned that funding support from the Neuroscience Scholars Award will bolster efforts to address the under- representation of minorities in biomedical and behavioral research by increasing the pool of well-trained minority research and health professionals who are competitively funded to conduct neuroscience research.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) invite research grant applications (R01) to investigate ethical issues in human subjects research. The Code of Federal Regulations - Protection of Human Subjects (45 CFR, Part 46) provides a regulatory framework that all NIH-supported researchers must follow. Recent developments in biomedical and behavioral research, however, including the rapid growth of new interventions and technologies (e.g., stem cells, genetics research), increasing involvement of foreign populations in clinical research, and concerns about financial conflicts of interest among researchers, challenge investigators' abilities to interpret and apply the regulations. Other situations (e.g., research with vulnerable populations, the use of data banks or archives, research on stigmatizing diseases or conditions) may present difficulties for identifying strategies, procedures, and/or techniques that will enhance/ensure the ethical involvement of human participants in research. The purpose of this program announcement is to solicit research addressing the ethical challenges of involving human participants in research in order to inform and optimize protections for human participation in research.

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) solicit applications for grants to support studies focused on understanding the molecular and viral genetic factors controlling HIV-1 neuropathogenesis in the setting of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). The objective of this cooperative effort is to foster investigations utilizing genetic approaches to study mechanisms of HIV-1 induced nervous system disease with emphasis on trafficking, cell type specific and regional compartmentalization, viral evolution, functional diversity, establishment of latent reservoirs and the emergence of drug resistance in the central nervous system (CNS) versus other body compartments.

This is a joint initiative among several Institutes and Centers at NIH to develop a haplotype map of the human genome. This RFA solicits cooperative agreement applications for the large-scale genotyping across the genome of samples from three populations. The data will be used to develop a map of the haplotype patterns and of the genetic variants that are most informative for detecting these patterns. The haplotype map is expected to be a key resource for finding genes affecting health, disease, and response to drugs and environmental factors, and for beginning to understand the pattern of human genetic variation. It is anticipated that this initiative will become part of an international collaboration to produce a human haplotype map.

The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) invite investigator-initiated research applications for mechanistic studies in clinical trials of immunomodulatory interventions for immune system mediated diseases, including, but not limited to, asthma and allergy, graft failure in solid organ, tissue, cell and stem cell transplantation, and chronic inflammatory, immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases. This Request for Applications (RFA) is a continuation and modification of RFA AI-01-001.