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This funding announcement (FOA) solicits Exploratory/Developmental (R21) grant applications from applicant organizations that propose to identify the mechanisms of a subset of muscular dystrophies that may have their basis in nucleus structure-function defects. Applications are specifically solicited for studies of Emery-Dreifuss, facioscapulohumeral, limb girdle muscular dystrophy 1B, and oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophies. Applications for studies of other muscular dystrophies are not responsive to this RFA. The expected outcomes are improvements in understanding of the genetic, cell, and molecular mechanisms of these muscular dystrophies. Applicants who can bring knowledge and expertise in the biology of the nucleus to studies of disease mechanisms are particularly encouraged. -The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) intend to commit approximately $2 million in total costs in FY 2007 for this announcement and its companion RFA (RFA-NS-07-001) to support a combined total of 4-7 meritorious applications. The MDA will support additional meritorious applications received and reviewed under this RFA, to the extent that funds are available within its current research budget. -This funding opportunity will use the NIH research grant (R21) award mechanism. -The R21 is not renewable. -Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. -The total project period for an application submitted in response to this funding opportunity may not exceed two years. Direct costs are limited to $275,000 over an R21 two-year period, with no more than $200,000 in direct costs allowed in any single year. -Eligible organizations: For profit organizations; Non-profit organizations; Public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals and laboratories; Units of State government; Units of local government; Eligible institutions of the Federal government; Domestic institutions; Foreign institutions; Faith-based or community-based organizations; Indian/Native American Tribal Government (Federally Recognized); Indian/Native American Tribal Government (Other than Federally Recognized); and Indian/Native American Tribally Designated Organization. -Eligible Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PD/PIs): Any individual with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research is invited to work with their institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support. -Applicants may submit more than one application, provided each application is scientifically distinct. -All investigator-initiated exploratory/developmental grant applications described in this announcement will be assigned to Institutes and Centers (ICs) according to standard Public Health Service (PHS) referral guidelines and specific program interests.

- The research objective of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to encourage the submission of high quality studies of the basic science and mechanisms of action underlying the biomechanical, immunological, endocrinological and/or neurophysiological consequences of manual therapies, such as spinal manipulation, mobilization and massage therapy.-This FOA will use the R21 (Exploratory/Developmental Research Grant) award mechanism.-Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received.-Competing renewal applications will not be accepted.-Project Period and Award Levels: The total project period for an application submitted in response to this funding opportunity may not exceed two years. Direct costs are limited to $275,000 over an R21 two-year period, with no more than $200,000 in direct costs allowed in any single year.-Eligible organizations: For profit organizations; Non-profit organizations; Public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals and laboratories; Units of State government; Units of local government; Eligible institutions of the Federal government; Domestic institutions; Foreign institutions; Faith-based or community-based organizations; Units of State Tribal government; and Units of Local Tribal government.-Eligible Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PD/PIs): Any individual with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research is invited to work with their institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH programs.-Applicants may submit more than one application, provided each application is scientifically distinct.

In 1999, at the direction of Congress, the National Institute on Aging (NIA), in conjunction with the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), and the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) embarked on the Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Prevention Initiative. An important part of the AD Prevention Initiative is to quicken the pace for translating basic science findings into clinical trials to evaluate treatment and prevention strategies. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) focuses on AD drug discovery while companion FOAs are targeted to AD drug development and AD pilot clinical trials. In this FOA, participating institutes invite qualified researchers to submit research grant applications directed toward the discovery, development, and preclinical testing in cellular, tissue, and animal models of novel compounds for the prevention and treatment of the cognitive impairment and behavioral symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Applications submitted to the NIH will be assigned and reviewed according to the usual NIH peer review procedures. Meritorious applications will be funded by the assigned NIH Institutes or co-funded by the assigned NIH Institute and the Institute for the Study of Aging (ISOA). NIA has set-aside $3.0 Million total costs in FY 2006 for applications sent in response to this PA. -This FOA will use the NIH Exploratory/Developmental Grant (R21) award mechanism. -The R21 is intended to encourage exploratory and developmental research projects by providing support for the early and conceptual stages of these projects. -All investigator-initiated exploratory/developmental grant applications described in this announcement will be assigned to participating ICs according to standard PHS referral guidelines and specific program interests. -Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. -Project Period and Award Levels: The applicant may request a project period of up to two years with a combined budget for direct costs of up to $275,000 for the two-year period. -Eligible organizations: For-profit organizations; Non-profit organizations; Public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories; Eligible agencies of the Federal government; Units of State government; Units of local government; Domestic Institutions; and Foreign Institutions. -Eligible Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PD/PIs): Any individual with the skills, knowledge and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research, is invited to work with his/her institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support. -An R21 is not renewable.-Applicants may submit more than one application, provided they are scientifically distinct.

-The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to stimulate research on discovering etiological and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying a set of chronic, comorbid conditions associated with temporomandibular joint and muscle disorders (TMJMDs). TMJMDs are a complex collection of diseases involving one or more tissues of the TMJ and facial musculature. Primary symptoms include chronic pain in facial muscles and limited and painful movement of the jaw. In addition, these and other symptoms of TMJMD can occur together with other chronic illnesses such as fibromyalgia, atypical face pain, trigeminal neuralgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivity, irritable bowel syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, migraine headache, speech hearing, swallowing, balance, smell, and taste disorders, and certain cardiovascular diseases. This program announcement seeks research applications that use state-of-the-art, multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches to discover molecular, physiological, and behavioral mechanisms responsible for the overlapping symptoms manifested in the set of disorders that may co-exist with TMJMD. These applications may have as their research focus the chronic, comorbid conditions themselves or TMJMDs, provided that the aims and goals of the project are to discover biological mechanisms linking the comorbidities. While the overarching goal of this announcement is to arrive at a better understanding of potential mechanisms underlying TMJMDs as related to the variety of comorbidities associated with them, it is expected that no single research project will be able to accomplish this. Applicants are, therefore, encouraged to focus their attention on a particular pathway and a specific disease that is comorbid with TMJMD. - The R03 grant mechanism supports different types of projects including pilot and feasibility studies; secondary analysis of existing data; small, self-contained research projects; development of research methodology; and development of new research technology. -The R03 is intended to support small research projects that can be carried out in a short period of time with limited resources. The R03 is not renewable. -The total amount to be awarded and the anticipated number of awards. Awards issued under this FOA are contingent upon the availability of funds and the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications. -Budgets for direct costs of up to $50,000 per year and a project duration of up to two years may be requested for a maximum of $100,000 direct costs over a two-year project period. -The types of mechanisms: This FOA will utilize the Small Research Grant (R03) mechanism and runs in parallel with FOAs of identical scientific scope, PA-06-188 that solicits applications under the R01 grant mechanism and PA-06-268 that solicits applications under the R21 mechanism. -Eligible organizations: For-profit organizations; non-profit organizations; public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories; units of State government; units of local government; eligible institutions of the Federal government; domestic institutions; foreign institutions; faith-based or community-based organizations; units of State Tribal government; and units of Local Tribal government. -Eligible Project Director/Principal Investigators (PD/PIs): Individuals with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research are invited to work with their institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH programs. -Applicants may submit more than one application, provided each application is scientifically distinct.

-The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to stimulate research on discovering etiological and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying a set of chronic, comorbid conditions associated with temporomandibular joint and muscle disorders (TMJMDs). TMJMDs are a complex collection of diseases involving one or more tissues of the TMJ and facial musculature. Primary symptoms include chronic pain in facial muscles and limited and painful movement of the jaw. In addition, these and other symptoms of TMJMD can occur together with other chronic illnesses such as fibromyalgia, atypical face pain, trigeminal neuralgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivity, irritable bowel syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, migraine headache, speech hearing, swallowing, balance, smell, and taste disorders, and certain cardiovascular diseases. This program announcement seeks research applications that use state-of-the-art, multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches to discover molecular, physiological, and behavioral mechanisms responsible for the overlapping symptoms manifested in the set of disorders that may co-exist with TMJMD. These applications may have as their research focus the chronic, comorbid conditions themselves or TMJMDs, provided that the aims and goals of the project are to discover biological mechanisms linking the comorbidities. While the overarching goal of this announcement is to arrive at a better understanding of potential mechanisms underlying TMJMDs as related to the variety of comorbidities associated with them, it is expected that no single research project will be able to accomplish this. Applicants are, therefore, encouraged to focus their attention on a particular pathway and a specific disease that is comorbid with TMJMD. -The types of mechanisms: This FOA will utilize the Exploratory/Developmental (R21) grant mechanism and runs in parallel with FOAs of identical scientific scope, PA-06-188, that solicits applications under the R01 mechanism and PA-06-267 that solicits applications under the R03 mechanism. -Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. -The total project period for an application submitted in response to this funding opportunity may not exceed two years. Direct costs are limited to $275,000 over an R21 two-year period, with no more than $200,000 in direct costs allowed in any single year. -Eligible organizations: For profit organizations; Non-profit organizations; Public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals and laboratories; Units of State government; Units of local government; Eligible institutions of the Federal government; Domestic institutions; Foreign institutions; Faith-based or community-based organizations; Units of State Tribal government; and Units of Local Tribal government.  -Eligible Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PD/PIs): Any individual with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research is invited to work with their institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH programs. -Applicants may submit more than one application, provided each application is scientifically distinct. 

The brain and behavioral sciences are advancing rapidly, improving understanding of healthy brain function and offering promise to the millions suffering from brain disorders of all types. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) for Exploratory/Developmental (R21) grant applications seeks to enable neuroscience and behavioral research by soliciting research and development of novel, or significant enhancement of existing, tools and approaches to be used in brain and behavioral research.

The brain and behavioral sciences are advancing rapidly, improving understanding of healthy brain function and offering promise to the millions suffering from brain disorders of all types. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) seeks to enable neuroscience and behavioral research by soliciting research and development of novel, or significant enhancement of existing, tools and approaches to be used in brain and behavioral research.

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) invites applications fostering co-operation between investigators within the United States and abroad with complementary expertise to develop research projects to understand how fate choices are made by stem and precursor cells in the nervous system, and to design, refine, and improve upon the use of stem cells for diagnostic or therapeutic applications to neurological disorders. -This funding opportunity will use the NIH Exploratory/Developmental Grant (R21) award mechanism, but will be run in parallel with an FOA of identical scientific scope that utilizes the traditional research project grant (R01) [PAS-04-130]. -The NINDS has set aside a total of $3 million dollars (one million per year over the three year duration of this solicitation) to support this initiative and the parallel announcement that uses the R01 mechanism. -The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. -The applicant may request a project period of up to two years with a combined budget for direct costs of up to $275,000 for the two-year period. -Eligible Organizations: For-profit or non-profit organization;, public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories; units of State government; units of local government; eligible agencies of the Federal government; foreign Institutions; domestic Institutions; units of state or local tribal governments; and faith-based or community-based organizations. -Eligible Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PD/PIs): Any individual with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are encouraged to apply for NIH support. -Applicants may submit more than one application, provided they are scientifically distinct. -An R21 is not renewable.

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute of Aging (NIA), and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) invite research grant applications aimed at understanding the genetics and pathobiology of Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI). -This funding opportunity will use the NIH Exploratory/Developmental Grant (R21) award mechanism, but will be run in parallel with an FOA of identical scientific scope that utilizes the traditional research project grant (R01) [PAS-04-149] -The participating organizations intend to commit a total of approximately $2,250,000 to this funding opportunity announcement with set-aside funds and a parallel announcement that uses the R01 mechanism, in addition to funds available for applications sent in response to this initiative that score within the paylines of the participating NIH Institutes. -Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. -Eligible organizations: For-profit or non-profit organizations; public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories; units of State and local governments; eligible agencies of the Federal government; domestic or foreign institutions/organizations; units of state or local tribal governments; and faith-based or community-based organizations. -Eligible Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PD/PIs): Any individual with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support. -An R21 is not renewable.

This funding opportunity announcement (FOA) with set-aside funds invites applications proposing clinical and translational research in multiple sclerosis (MS) that target the neurodegenerative aspect of this disease. Applicants are expected to propose activities that are directly focused on the development of neuroprotective and regenerative therapies for MS. Applications in basic neuroscience or glial biology are not covered under this FOA. Applications for clinical trials and interventional studies are directed to use the funding mechanisms and opportunities listed at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/areas/clinical_trials/index.htm. -This funding opportunity will use the NIH Exploratory/Developmental Grant (R21) award mechanism but will run in parallel with an FOA of identical scientific scope that utilizes the traditional research project grant (R01) (PAS-05-002) mechanism. -The total amount to be awarded is up to $1,500,000 for the duration of this solicitation (3 years), in addition to funds available for applications sent in response to this funding opportunity announcement and a parallel announcement that uses the R01 mechanism that score within the NINDS payline. -Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. -Eligible organizations: For-profit or non-profit organizations; public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories; units of State and local governments; eligible agencies of the Federal government; domestic or foreign institutions/organizations; units of state or local tribal governments; and faith-based or community-based organizations. -Eligible Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PD/PIs): Any individual with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support. -An R21 is not renewable. -Applicants may submit more than one application, provided each is scientifically distinct.