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This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) invites research grant applications studying mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence in myeloid cells and strategies to target this reservoir in the central nervous system. Basic and translational research in domestic and international settings are of interest. Multidisciplinary research teams and collaborative alliances are encouraged but not required. RFA-MH-20-701uses the R01 grant mechanism whileRFA-MH-20-702uses the R21 mechanism. High risk/high payoff projects that lack preliminary data or utilize existing data may be most appropriate for the R21 mechanism, while applicants with preliminary data may wish to apply using the R01 mechanism.

This FOA is related to the transformative project, "A Cell Type-Specific Armamentarium for Understanding Brain Function and Dysfunction," described in the "The BRAIN Initiative 2.0: From Cells to Circuits, Toward Cures" report of the Advisory Committee to the NIH Director BRAIN Initiative Working Group 2.0.

Reissue of RFA-NS-20-010: The purpose of this funding opportunity announcement (FOA) is to support preclinical optimization and development of safe, effective, and non-addictive small molecule and biologic therapeutics to treat pain. The goal of the program is to accelerate the optimization and development of promising small molecule and biologic hits/leads towards clinical trials. Applicants must have a promising hit/lead, robust biological rationale for the intended approach, and identified assays for optimization of the agent. The scope of this program includes optimization and early development activities, IND-enabling studies, and assembly of Investigational New Drug (IND) application. This is a milestone-driven phased cooperative agreement program involving participation of NIH program staff in the development of the project plan and monitoring of research progress.

The purpose of this funding opportunity announcement (FOA) is to support preclinical optimization and development of safe, effective, and non-addictive small molecule and biologic therapeutics to treat pain. The goal of the program is to accelerate the optimization and development of promising small molecule and biologic hits/leads to Phase I clinical trials and readiness for the Early Phase Pain Investigation Clinical Network (EPPIC-Net) or other Phase II clinical studies. Applicants must have a promising biologic or small molecule hit/lead, robust biological rationale for the intended approach, and identified assays for optimization of the agent. The scope of this program includes optimization and early development activities, IND-enabling studies, development of a pharmacodynamic/target engagement biomarker, assembly and filing of an Investigational New Drug (IND) application and Phase I clinical testing. This is a milestone-driven phased cooperative agreement program involving participation of NIH program staff in the development of the project plan and monitoring of research progress.

This Notice of Special Interest encourages administrative supplements for the NINDS Research Education Program for Residents and Fellows in Neurology, Neurosurgery, Neuropathology, Neuroradiology and Emergency Medicine (R25, PAR-13-384 and subsequent reissuances)

The participating Institutes and Centers (ICs) are inviting applications to expand existing awards that are not currently focused on Alzheimers disease and its related dementias - Frontotemporal dementia, Lewy Body dementia, Vascular Cognitive Impairment with Dementia and multiple etiology dementias - to allow the research to develop such a focus.

Purpose The purpose of this Notice is to announce an interest in research addressing patients with emergency medical conditions, including trauma. Background Over 145 million people are seen in emergency departments across the US. Emergency departments are the source of twelve million admissions, or 35% of all hospital admissions and 14% of all outpatient visits. This includes over 27 million children under the age of 15, 23 million adults over the age of 65 and over 42 million visits for injuries and major trauma. When they learn of a patient's new symptoms, primary care providers often use the emergency department to obtain rapid diagnostic tests and a treatment plan. Emergency Departments are the only component of the country's healthcare system that is accessible at any time of the day or night, and by law they provide treatment regardless of the ability to pay. Rapid assessment and treatment within the first minutes or hours after the onset of illness plays a major role in determining both the trajectory of recovery and future healthcare costs. Research in the emergency setting offers a unique opportunity to improve not only the treatment of acute life-threatening disorders, but also a spectrum of common disorders that encompass a considerable burden of illness and account for a major component of health care costs.

The NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research is a collaborative framework through which 14 NIH Institutes, Centers and Offices jointly support neuroscience related research, with the aim of accelerating discoveries and reducing the burden of nervous system disorders (for further information, see https://neuroscienceblueprint.nih.gov/). The goal of this FOA is to enhance our fundamental understanding of interoception with a specific focus on dissecting neural circuits connecting peripheral organs/tissues with the central nervous system via peripheral ganglia. For this FOA, interoception science includes studies of the processes by which an organism senses, interprets, integrates, and regulates signals originating from within itself. The FOA encourages projects that combine diverse expertise and use innovative approaches to delineate interoceptive mechanisms at the molecular, cellular, circuitry, functional, and/or behavioral levels. Outcomes of this research will lay a critical foundation for future translational and clinical research on interoception as well as its roles in nervous system disorders. Studies of interoceptive neural circuits exclusively within the central nervous system may consider seeking for BRAIN INITIATIVE funding opportunities.

The Lewy Body Dementias (LBD) are frequently misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed during life, and despite the development of diagnostic criteria at multiple expert consensus conferences, the gold standard for diagnosis remains post-mortem brain analysis. Improvement in diagnostic accuracy during life, and the development of good quality diagnostic biomarkers, would be greatly facilitated if comprehensive, longitudinal clinical and biological data obtained on patients during life were regularly linked with detailed post-mortem brain examination. In response to recommendations from the Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementias (ADRD) Summits convened by the NINDS in 2013, 2016, and 2019, longitudinal clinical data and biospecimens are being collected from patients with LBD and shared with the research community through the Parkinsons Disease Biomarker Program (PDBP). The PDBP is an NINDS-funded resource that collects standardized clinical data and biospecimens longitudinally on patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) and PD-related disorders (including LBD) with the goal of accelerating the pace of biomarkers research. The PDBP currently has data and biospecimens on about 1900 subjects, some of whom have gone to autopsy, though relatively little post-mortem data on these subjects is available in PDBP at this time. This NOSI encourages researchers with extensive pre- and post-mortem data on patients with LBD to apply for supplemental funds to be used for the purpose of adding this data to the existing NINDSPDBP repository. Supplements may be requested by: Researchers who have previously contributed clinical and biospecimen data to the PDBP on patients with LBD while alive, and who wish to add the post-mortem autopsy data they have collected on the same patient(s) after their death.

The goal of the Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) Centers Without Walls (CWOW) is to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in FTD through multi-disciplinary, team-based science to address a specific challenge or challenges in the field that could not be achieved through individual research projects.