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The National Center for Research Resources, National Cancer Institute, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute on Aging, and National Institute on Drug Abuse, invite applications for the purpose of establishing methods for the efficient production of rat models that contain germ-line mutations that will facilitate the transfer of biological concepts to human health problems. Development of rat embryonic stem cell (ESC) technology by modification of current techniques or development of new approaches will meet the needs of researchers using the rat to study human health and disease. This initiative is designed for rat models only and should not include human subjects or tissues.

The purpose of this program announcement (PA) is to encourage the submission of applications for research to enhance stem cells as a model biological system. Research to isolate, characterize and identify totipotent and multipotent stem cells from nonhuman biomedical research animal models, as well as to generate reagents and techniques to characterize and separate those stem cells from other cell types is encouraged. Innovative approaches to the problems of making multipotent stem cells available from a variety of nonhuman sources, and to creating reagents that will identify those stem cells across species and allow for separation of multipotent stem cells from differentiated cell types, will be stressed. Accordingly, the Exploratory/Developmental Grants (R21) and Research Project (R01) grant mechanisms will be used. This program announcement supersedes PA-99-086 issued earlier by the NCRR.

The goal of this Request for Applications (RFA) is to promote the identification of genes that cause or contribute to human neurological and neurobehavioral diseases. It is intended to encourage applications for genetics research projects with one or more of the following objectives: (1) to identify the gene or genes that produce disease susceptibility (2) to identify “modifier” genes that affect disease susceptibility or outcome and (3) to investigate the relationship between genotype and disease phenotype. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of such projects, collaborative studies are encouraged. Studies using invertebrate or vertebrate animal models are appropriate if they directly promote the identification of human disease susceptibility genes.

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) invite research grant applications through this program announcement (PA) to support research focused on determining the pathogenic mechanisms involved in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 associated neurobehavioral and neurological dysfunction. The objective of this cooperative effort is to foster investigations that will provide the foundation for the rapid development of therapeutic interventions to prevent and treat the effects of HIV-1 on the central nervous system (CNS). Applications ranging from basic research to clinical diagnosis and treatment are of interest. Multidisciplinary research teams and collaborative alliances are encouraged but not required.

This Program Announcement (PA) is to encourage investigator-initiated applications for research designed to exploit the power of mutagenesis screening in zebrafish in order to detect and characterize genes, pathways, and phenotypes of interest in development and aging, organ formation, behavior, and disease processes. Applications that propose to advance the technologies associated with such phenotyping also are welcome. This PA is a continuation of the program initiated by RFA HD-00-004, “Mutagenesis Screens/Phenotyping Tools for Zebrafish” (http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HD-00-004.html). This effort stems from an NIH initiative with participation of the Institutes and Centers listed above, working though the Trans-NIH Zebrafish Coordinating Committee (TZCC, http://www.nih.gov/science/models/zebrafish/) under the co- chairmanship of NICHD and NIDDK. Since its formation in 1997, the committee has played an active role as an advocate for the zebrafish as an important model for development and disease research.

The above sponsoring Institutes invite applications in response to this Program Announcement (PA) that will enhance our understanding of the etiology, extent, services, treatment, management, and prevention of child neglect. This PA is a follow-up to a 1999 Request for Applications designed to stimulate the development of programs of child neglect research at institutions that currently have strong research programs in related areas, and to bring the expertise of researchers from the child health, education, and juvenile justice fields into the child neglect research field. The PA is intended to foster ongoing programs of research on child neglect throughout NIH, the DOJ Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Children"s Bureau, and the ED Office of Special Education Programs, in order to encourage the continuation of the kind of research stimulated by the 1999 RFA. (The Office of Child Abuse and Neglect, in the Children"s Bureau, will participate pending the reauthorization of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act and the availability of funds.)

The Neurodegeneration and Clinical Trial Groups of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) request applications for centers to collaborate in the performance of a large, double-blind randomized trial of two or more potential neuroprotective agents in patients early in the course of Parkinson’s disease. Two types of applications are requested: for (1) a Coordinating Center, and (2) a Statistical Center. Applications for multiple Clinical Centers will be sought in a separate solicitation. The trial was called for in the NIH Parkinson Research Agenda (http://www.ninds.nih.gov/about_ninds/nihparkinsons_agenda.htm). The neuroprotectants to be tested in the trial have not yet been chosen and will be selected from among those proposed by the applicants who respond to this Request for Applications (RFA) as well as from those suggested by others, including NINDS grantees, pharmaceutical companies, patients, and patient advocates.

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) invite applications for support of Microarray Centers. These Centers will support gene expression profiling in the nervous system through the application of microarray technologies. The Microarray Centers, which will function as a consortium, will provide reagents, services, and training to the neuroscience community, on a fee-for-service basis. The term “consortium” is used here to refer to the Centers that are funded through this RFA, and not to refer to non-grantee, participating organizations.

The purpose of this program announcement is to encourage grant applications for the support of research designed to elucidate the diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, genetics, treatment, and optimal means of service delivery in relation to Autistic Disorder ("autism") and autism spectrum disorders (Rett"s Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Asperger"s Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified, or "Atypical Autism").

The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), the Office of Research on Women’s Health (ORWH) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) invite applications to identify, characterize, and define differences in the immune response between males and females, including responses to exogenous and self-antigens, the innate and adaptive immune response, systemic and mucosal immune response, and regulation of the immune system by hormonal and non-hormonal sex differences. The intent of this Request for Applications (RFA) is to support multidisciplinary research on sex-based differences in immune responses that may be important in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and systemic sclerosis (SSc), as well as other immune mediated diseases, and the underlying mechanisms and clinical significance of such differences. Collaborative multidisciplinary research, involving investigators with expertise in various scientific disciplines and clinical specialties is encouraged. Both human studies and animal models with relevance to human disease are appropriate. Research that expands basic and clinical knowledge of the effect of sex, including hormonal and non-hormonal differences, on the immune response will facilitate development of improved therapeutic and preventive strategies for autoimmune diseases and other immune-mediated disorders. The focus of this RFA is the biological or physiological sex differences between males and females, studies of the cultural, social, and historical differences between males and females ("gender differences") are not responsive to this RFA.