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The brain and behavioral sciences are advancing rapidly, improving understanding of healthy brain function and offering promise to the millions suffering from brain disorders of all types. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) for Exploratory/Developmental (R21) grant applications seeks to enable neuroscience and behavioral research by soliciting research and development of novel, or significant enhancement of existing, tools and approaches to be used in brain and behavioral research.

The brain and behavioral sciences are advancing rapidly, improving understanding of healthy brain function and offering promise to the millions suffering from brain disorders of all types. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) seeks to enable neuroscience and behavioral research by soliciting research and development of novel, or significant enhancement of existing, tools and approaches to be used in brain and behavioral research.

In 1999, at the direction of Congress, the National Institute on Aging (NIA), in conjunction with the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), and the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) embarked on the Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Prevention Initiative. An important part of the AD Prevention Initiative is to quicken the pace for translating basic science findings into clinical trials to evaluate treatment and prevention strategies. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) focuses on AD drug discovery while companion FOAs are targeted to AD drug development and AD pilot clinical trials. In this FOA, participating institutes invite qualified researchers to submit research grant applications directed toward the discovery, development, and preclinical testing in cellular, tissue, and animal models of novel compounds for the prevention and treatment of the cognitive impairment and behavioral symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Applications submitted to the NIH will be assigned and reviewed according to the usual NIH peer review procedures. Meritorious applications will be funded by the assigned NIH Institutes or co-funded by the assigned NIH Institute and the Institute for the Study of Aging (ISOA). NIA has set-aside $3.0 Million total costs in FY 2006 for applications sent in response to this PA. -This FOA will use the NIH Exploratory/Developmental Grant (R21) award mechanism. -The R21 is intended to encourage exploratory and developmental research projects by providing support for the early and conceptual stages of these projects. -All investigator-initiated exploratory/developmental grant applications described in this announcement will be assigned to participating ICs according to standard PHS referral guidelines and specific program interests. -Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. -Project Period and Award Levels: The applicant may request a project period of up to two years with a combined budget for direct costs of up to $275,000 for the two-year period. -Eligible organizations: For-profit organizations; Non-profit organizations; Public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories; Eligible agencies of the Federal government; Units of State government; Units of local government; Domestic Institutions; and Foreign Institutions. -Eligible Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PD/PIs): Any individual with the skills, knowledge and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research, is invited to work with his/her institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support. -An R21 is not renewable.-Applicants may submit more than one application, provided they are scientifically distinct.

As summarized in the 2003 National Sleep Disorders Research Plan (http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/sleep/res_plan/index.html), multiple scientific areas in sleep and sleep disorders need additional research. In addition, therapy for a number of sleep disorders remains suboptimal, and the research workforce addressing sleep science is insufficient. The NHLBI, National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, and co-sponsoring member Institutes and Centers of the Trans-NIH Sleep Research Coordinating Committee therefore invite submission of grant applications proposing research to advance biomedical knowledge related to sleep or sleep disorders, improve understanding of the neurobiology or functions of sleep over the life-span, enhance timely diagnosis and effective treatment for individuals affected by sleep-related disorders, or implement and evaluate innovative community-based public health education and intervention programs.

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Eye Institute (NEI), the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) invite applications for studies on the cellular and molecular signaling between the local environment within organisms and stem and progenitor cells that are either introduced as transplants or are normally resident within host tissues and organs. The objective of this initiative is to promote a thorough exploration and characterization of the bi-directional communication between multipotent cells and the three-dimensional local milieu or niche that they encounter in vivo under normal and compromised states, such as with aging or following injury, disease or drug exposure. -This funding opportunity announcement (FOA) will utilize the NIH Small Grant (R03) award mechanism, but runs in parallel with two program announcements of identical scientific scope that utilize the traditional research project grant (R01) [http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAS-05-092.html] and exploratory/developmental research grant (R21) [PAS-06-208] mechanisms, respectively. -The participating organizations intend to commit a total of $2,700,000 to this FOA for payment of applications responsive to this announcement and two parallel announcements that use the R01 and R21 mechanisms. -Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. -Project Period and Award Levels: A total project period of up to two years and a budget for direct costs of up to two $25,000 modules or $50,000 per year may be requested. -Eligible organizations include: For-profit organizations; Non-profit organizations; Public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories; Eligible agencies of the Federal government; Units of State government; Units of local government ; Foreign Institutions; Domestic Institutions; Faith-based or community-based organizations; and units of state or local tribal governments. -Eligible Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PD/PIs): Any individual with the skills, knowledge and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research, is invited to work with his/her institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support. -An R03 is not renewable. 

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Eye Institute (NEI), the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) invite applications for studies on the cellular and molecular signaling between the local environment within organisms and stem and progenitor cells that are either introduced as transplants or are normally resident within host tissues and organs. The objective of this initiative is to promote a thorough exploration and characterization of the bi-directional communication between multipotent cells and the three-dimensional local milieu or niche that they encounter in vivo under normal and compromised states, such as with aging or following injury, disease or drug exposure. -This funding opportunity announcement (FOA) will utilize National Institutes of Health (NIH) exploratory/developmental (R21) award mechanism, but runs in parallel with two FOAs of identical scientific scope that will utilize the traditional research project grant (R01) [http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAS-05-092.html] and small research grant (R03) [PAS-06-207] mechanisms, respectively. -The participating organizations intend to commit a total of $2,700,000 to this FOA for payment of applications responsive to this announcement and two parallel announcements that use the R01 and R03 mechanisms. -Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. -Project Period and Award Levels: The applicant may request a project period of up to two years with a combined budget for direct costs of up to $275,000 for the two-year period. -Eligible organizations: For profit organizations; Non-profit organizations; Public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals and laboratories; Units of State government; Units of local government; Eligible institutions of the Federal government; Domestic institutions; Foreign institutions; Faith-based or community-based organizations; Units of State Tribal government; and Units of Local Tribal government. -Eligible Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PD/PIs): Any individual with the skills, knowledge and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research, is invited to work with his/her institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support. -Applicants may submit more than one application, provided each application is scientifically distinct. -An R21 is not renewable. 

-The goal of this International Neuroscience Fellowship Program is to provide a unique opportunity to qualified foreign neuroscientists, at junior or mid-career level, to receive one to two years of research training in the United States (U.S.). -The number of awards that will be funded under this program announcement is contingent upon the quality of the applications received, the availability of funds, and the program priorities of the participating NIH institutes. -This program announcement uses the international research fellowship (F05) award mechanism. -Eligible U.S. sponsoring organizations include for-profit or non-profit organizations; public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories; and eligible agencies of the U.S. Federal government. -Eligible individual applicants include non-immigrant foreign scientists who are currently residing outside the U.S.The applicant must have a doctoral or equivalent degree, an endorsement from their home institution, and a guaranteed appointment in an institution in their home country upon completion of the fellowship. Applicants must have a sponsor in the U.S. who is affiliated with an eligible U.S. organization and must be proficient in English. Preference will be given to applicants from low- to middle-income countries. -Applicants must use the most recent version of the PHS 416-1 form (Rev. 10/05) http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/416/phs416.htm. Since the PHS 416-1 form is used for several different types of fellowship applications, not all statements in the PHS 416-1 form are applicable to the International Neuroscience Fellowship Program. -An individual applicant may not have more than one competing NIH fellowship application pending review concurrently.

The goal of this funding opportunity announcement (FOA)is to promote the identification of susceptibility genes for complex neurological and neurobehavioral disorders. - This funding opportunityannouncement (FOA) will utilize the R21 mechanism, but runs in parallel with a program announcement of identical scientific scope that utilizes the traditional research project grant (R01) [PAS-03-092] award mechanism. -The participating Institutes intend to commit a combined total of approximately $3,000,000 (total costs) per year to this FOA and a second FOA of identical scientific scope that utilizes the R01 mechanism. These funds are in addition to funds available for applications sent in response to these announcements that score within the paylines of the participating NIH Institutes. -Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. -Project Period and Award Levels: The total project period for an application submitted in response to this funding opportunity may not exceed two years. Direct costs are limited to $275,000 over an R21 two-year period, with no more than $200,000 in direct costs allowed in any single year. -Eligible organizations: For profit organizations; Non-profit organizations; Public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals and laboratories; Units of State government; Units of local government; Eligible institutions of the Federal government; Domestic institutions; Foreign institutions; Faith-based or community-based organizations; Units of State Tribal government; and Units of Local Tribal government. -Eligible Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PD/PIs): Any individual with the skills, knowledge and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research, is invited to work with his/her institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support. -Applicants may submit more than one application, provided each application is scientifically distinct. -An R21 is not renewable. 

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), and the Tuberous Sclerosis Alliance invite research grant applications aimed at understanding or treating Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). -This funding opportunity will utilize the R03 mechanism, but runs in parallel with two program announcements of identical scientific scope that utilize the traditional research project grant (R01) [PAS-05-085] and exploratory/developmental research grant (R21) [PAS-06-206] grant mechanisms, respectively. -The participating organizations intend to commit a total of $2,000,000 to this Program Announcement with set-aside funds (PAS) and two other Program Announcements of identical scientific scope that utilize the R01 and R21 mechanisms. These funds are in addition to funds available for applications sent in response to these announcements that score within the paylines of the participating NIH Institutes. -Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. -Project Period and Award Levels: A total project period of up to two years and a budget for direct costs of up to two $25,000 modules or $50,000 per year may be requested. -Eligible organizations include: For-profit organizations; Non-profit organizations; Public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories; Eligible agencies of the Federal government; Units of State government; Units of local government ; Foreign Institutions; Domestic Institutions; Faith-based or community-based organizations; and units of state or local tribal governments. -Eligible Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PD/PIs): Any individual with the skills, knowledge and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research, is invited to work with his/her institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support. -An R03 is not renewable. 

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), and the Tuberous Sclerosis Alliance invite research grant applications aimed at understanding or treating Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). -This funding opportunity will utilize the R21 mechanism, but runs in parallel with two program announcements of identical scientific scope utilize the traditional research project grant (R01) [PAS-05-085] and small research grant (R03) [PAS-06-205] mechanisms, respectively. -The participating organizations intend to commit a total of $2,000,000 to this Program Announcement with set-aside funds (PAS) and two other Program Announcements of identical scientific scope that utilize the R01 and R03 mechanisms. These funds are in addition to funds available for applications sent in response to these announcements that score within the paylines of the participating NIH Institutes. -Because the nature and scope of the proposed research will vary from application to application, it is anticipated that the size and duration of each award will also vary. The total amount awarded and the number of awards will depend upon the mechanism numbers, quality, duration, and costs of the applications received. -Project Period and Award Levels: The total project period for an application submitted in response to this funding opportunity may not exceed two years. Direct costs are limited to $275,000 over an R21 two-year period, with no more than $200,000 in direct costs allowed in any single year. -Eligible organizations: For profit organizations; Non-profit organizations; Public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals and laboratories; Units of State government; Units of local government; Eligible institutions of the Federal government; Domestic institutions; Foreign institutions; Faith-based or community-based organizations; Units of State Tribal government; and Units of Local Tribal government. -Eligible Project Directors/Principal Investigators (PD/PIs): Any individual with the skills, knowledge and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research, is invited to work with his/her institution to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support. -Applicants may submit more than one application, provided each application is scientifically distinct. -An R21 is not renewable.