Objectives The purpose of this study is to determine how the subjective sense of willing and initiating an action is altered in schizophrenic patients. One proposed explanation for characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia ("passivity phenomena") is a defect in the forward model of movement that the brain receives as the motor signal is generated. We propose to examine this forward model using Libet's paradigm, in which normal subjects gave evidence for a forward model in their anticipatory reports of initiation of movement. We intend to determine the times associated with willing (W), initiating (M), and electroencephalographic/electromyographic (EEG/EMG) measures of movement. Study Population We intend to study adult patients with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnosis of schizophrenia. These patients provide a unique population for this study because they often do not have the sense that they direct their own movement or author their own thoughts (passivity phenomena). Studies have shown that schizophrenics have movement-related cortical potentials on EEG, but it is not known when the subjective sense of initiating movement occurs for these patients. As the order of mental events in time has been shown to contribute to the sense of agency, it is important to know how the timing of voluntary movement is altered in schizophrenia. Design We will ask patients to look at a fast-rotating clock on a computer screen and note when their movements were willed, instigated by an external agent if they have such delusions, and were initiated. Patients will also report the time of a somatosensory stimulus. Surface EMG will determine the time of actual movement, and EEG will record brain potentials associated with movement. Eligible patients with schizophrenia and passivity phenomena will be recruited from the Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, NIMH. Outcome Measures The primary outcome measure of this study is the absence of time W in some schizophrenics, the latency of W in other schizophrenics compared to normal subjects, and the latency of M in schizophrenics compared to normals. Any effect of medication status or symptoms on performance in the study will be considered exploratory data.
- INCLUSION CRITERIA: SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS: Experimental subjects will be patients with DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia who have volunteered to participate in the clinical research unit of the Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, NIMH. In addition, outpatients with DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia who participate in outpatient research through the CBDB will be included. All patients will have received the diagnosis of schizophrenia by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) with three psychiatrists reaching a consensus diagnosis. Patients on the clinical research unit must meet rigorous criteria in order to participate in research. Exclusionary criteria include history of traumatic brain injury, known comorbid neurological disorders, including epilepsy, history of drug and alcohol abuse, etc. All patients will have undergone a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests, including Wide Range Achievement Test- Reading (often to be a good indicator of premorbid intelligence), a short version of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R), Wechsler Memory Scales (WMS-R), Trails A and B, tests of attention and executive function, including the continuous performance test (CPT), Wisconsin Card Sort (WISC), the N-Back test of working memory. Patients with psychiatric diseases other than schizophrenia that are not currently active and symptomatic will be included. All patients in the study will have schizophrenia. However, at the time of testing, patients will be administered clinical rating scales (i.e., Brief Psychotic Rating Scale (BPRS), appropriate sections of the SCID and the Yale Hallucination Phenomenology Assessment (YHPA)) to determine the presence of passivity phenomena. NORMAL VOLUNTEERS: Twenty-six normal controls will be included; controls will be screened in the NINDS Movement Disorders Outpatient Clinic, and will have neurological and physical examinations. They will be asked to abstain from alcohol for 24 hours before the study. All subjects participating in the studies will have a valid Clinical Center Medical Record Number. ALL SUBJECTS: All subjects will be between the ages of 18 and 65. Subjects may be male or female. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients younger than 18 years old or older than 65 years old will be excluded from the study. A. Patients with neurological disorders will be excluded. Patients with psychiatric disorders other than schizophrenia who are experiencing an active phase of their disorder will be excluded. B. Patients with a history of significant medical disorders requiring chronic treatment with other drugs, which affect the central nervous system and cannot be stopped will be excluded. C. Patients not capable of giving an informed consent will be excluded.