Ongoing research (NCT02098265) suggests that noninvasive EEG driven Brain Computer Interface (BCI) systems hold the potential for facilitating recovery in the chronic phase after stroke by synchronizing central or brain activity with peripheral movements and thereby harnessing brain plasticity. The specific aims of this study are: Aim 1: To investigate the efficacy of active FES vs. passive FES, as measured by changes in behavioral measures. The investigators hypothesize that improvements in motor function will be significantly greater using the active FES therapy than the passive FES therapy. Aim 2: To investigate the relationship between brain functional activation patterns and behavior changes induced by active vs. passive FES intervention. The investigators hypothesize that changes induced by active FES (as measured by brain fMRI and EEG measures) will show greater adaptive brain reorganization changes (i.e. brain changes that correlate with improved outcomes) than that induced by the passive FES. Aim 3: To investigate the relationship between brain white matter integrity and behavior changes induced by active vs. passive FES intervention. The investigators hypothesize that changes induced by active FES (as measured by brain DTI measures) will show greater adaptive brain reorganization changes (i.e. brain changes that correlate with improved outcomes) than that induced by the passive FES.
Inclusion Criteria: - New-onset ischemic stroke 12 months prior - chronic time frame; - Right hand dominant - affected arm; - Mild to moderate unilateral upper extremity impairment or severe unilateral upper extremity impairment; - No upper extremity injury or conditions that limited use prior to the stroke; - Must be able to provide informed consent on their own behalf. Exclusion Criteria: - Inability to competently participate in study procedures - Concurrent upper extremity therapy, other neurological or psychiatric disorders