This will be the first randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigating the effects of AIT versus MICE on aerobic exercise capacity, endothelial function, and cognition, in women only, who have CAD and have been referred to the six-month, outpatient CR program at the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute (TRI)-Cardiac Rumsey Centre. Study participants will be reporting to the Rumsey Centre one day per week for a combination of supervised exercise sessions and educational seminars or workshops, and they will be performing four additional unsupervised, home-exercise sessions per week for a target total of five exercise sessions per week. Recruitment and Sampling Immediately after completion of a symptom-limited intake CPA, a previously identified eligible patient who would have been screened for eligibility upon her referral to the six-month, outpatient CR program at the TRI-Cardiac Rumsey Centre will be asked by either the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Technicians, or Lab Coordinator performing the initial CPA, if she would be interested in speaking to a researcher and learning more about potential participation in this research study. If the patient agrees to speak to the researcher, the researcher will meet the patient in person immediately following the CPA to explain the study and to obtain voluntary, written and informed consent if applicable. Patients will be provided with the opportunity to take the consent forms home, and to discuss participation in the study with their spouses or other family members, etc., and to take as much time is required to decide whether participation in the study is a desirable option for them. If, and when a patient provides written and informed consent to participate in the study, she will be randomized by a computerized random number generator (operated by a blinded third party researcher) to either the six-month standard of care CR program offered at the TRI-Rumsey Centre involving MICE, or to the 6-month AIT intervention. Both the MICE and AIT arms of the study will consist of patients attending one, supervised exercise session per week at the TRI-Rumsey Centre, and they will perform four additional unsupervised home-exercise sessions per week for a total of five exercise sessions per week as the goal. The AIT Intervention The AIT Group will begin with a one-month, "run-in" period where patients will perform current standard of care CR programming, which will involve traditional MICE. MICE at the Cardiac Rumsey Centre will consist of either track walking/jogging or treadmill walking/jogging for approximately 30-40 minutes, performed at an intensity of 60-80% of VO2peak, in addition to a warm-up and cool down period. In the second month of the study intervention, patients will begin to perform AIT three days per week, with one of those AIT exercise sessions occurring at the Rumsey Centre under supervision, and 2 sessions per week of MICE, which will again consist of the 30-40 minutes of walking/jogging at an intensity of 60-80% of VO2peak, with an allotted warm up and cool down period. The AIT Exercise Protocol Upon examination of the most recent RCTs investigating AIT versus MICE between 2004 and 2016, specifically in the CAD population, the AIT intervention group experienced greater improvements in VO2peak, which translated to ~1.5-2 mL kg-1 min-1 improvements compared to the MICE (control) group. These results are compelling, particularly in the context of a potential 10-25% reduction in cardiovascular mortality risk above and beyond what would have been conferred by standard of care MICE prescription. In almost 90% of these most recent RCTs comparing the effects of AIT versus MICE on aerobic exercise capacity in CAD patients, the AIT exercise protocol consisted of 4x4 minute intervals of treadmill walking at either 80-90% of VO2peak, or 85-95% of HRpeak, or 80-90% of Heart Rate Reserve (HRR=HRpeak-resting HR), with 3 minutes of active recovery between the 4-minute intervals, performed at an intensity of ~50-70% of VO2peak, HRpeak, or HRR. Therefore, in remaining consistent with the previous literature supporting AIT in CAD patients, the AIT exercise protocol that the participants will be executing in this study consists of the following components: 1. Warm Up Period: 5-10 minutes of walking performed at 50%-60% of VO2peak and/or the corresponding HR (~60%-70% HRpk) and/or RPE of ~10-12 on the Borg Scale 2. Intervals: Four 4-minute intervals of walking/jogging performed at an intensity of 85-95% of VO2peak, or >90% of HRpk, and/or RPE >17 on the Borg Scale, interspersed with 3-minutes of active recovery performed at an intensity of ~50%-70% HRpk 3. Cool Down Period: 5 minutes of walking performed at an intensity of 50-70% HRpk, and/or RPE ~10-12 on the Borg Scale Understanding that we must be cognizant of the fact that each study participant may respond and progress to this AIT intervention at different rates, it is our intention to begin with two 4-minute intervals in the first week of the AIT intervention, and then to progress participants to performing three, and then eventually four 4-minute intervals by the fourth week of the intervention, i.e. the end of Month 2 in the study/CR program timeline. The decision to progress patients accordingly will be made judiciously upon deliberation of both researcher and cardiac rehabilitation supervisor/case manager for each study participant.
Inclusion Criteria: - Post-menopausal women with CAD - In sinus rhythm - Left Ventricular Ejection fraction>35% - >3 weeks post myocardial infarction (MI) or percutaneous intervention (PCI) - >4 weeks post coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) - Ability to provide written and informed consent Exclusion Criteria: - Any major musculoskeletal, pulmonary, or psychiatric comorbidity that precludes participation in aerobic and resistance training exercise - Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) contraindications that present upon initial intake Cardiopulmonary Exercise Assessment (CPA), which include Class II-IV angina, significant arrhythmia, or >1mm horizontal/downsloping ST-segment depression.