This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) requests applications for exploratory/developmental translational research on therapeutics for reducing mortality and morbidity caused by acute exposures to chemical threat agents. Chemical threats include traditional chemical warfare nerve agents such as sarin and VX, toxic industrial chemicals such as cyanide and chlorine, and toxic agricultural chemicals such as parathion and sodium fluoroacetate. Projects supported by this FOA are expected to generate preliminary data that would enable the development of competitive applications for more extensive support from the NIH CounterACT program (see www.ninds.nih.gov/counteract for a description) and other related research and development programs.