The purpose of this program announcement (PA) is to encourage basic research on the structures of membrane proteins at (or near) atomic resolution. Considerable research is on-going in the area of membrane protein structure and function, particularly with respect to sequences, topology, and the effects of mutations; however, much of this work is somewhat speculative in that the interpretations depend upon the very limited number of structures that have actually been solved by direct biophysical measurements. Despite several recent landmark solutions of membrane protein structures, there remains a significant gap between the understanding of membrane proteins and that of their soluble counterparts.