The purpose of this New Directions in Pain Research: I program announcement (PA) is to inform the scientific community of broad, shared interests in pain research encompassing the various components of the NIH, and to stimulate and foster a wide range of basic, translational and patient-oriented clinical studies on pain. Applications are particularly encouraged to study pain throughout the lifespan from the perspectives of molecular genetics, transcriptional controls, signal transduction, including cellular/molecular mechanisms, innovative imaging technologies, plasticity and from hormonal or gender influences. The pain experience needs to be examined at all levels of analysis from the gene, molecule, cell, tissue, and organ, to the individual, family and community, with the ultimate goal of developing new insights into pain intervention, treatment and management.